Image courtesy of The AV-Empire.
RGB
When emitted light is used to form an image, as on TVs, computer monitors, and mobile phone screens, red, green, and blue are combined in various amounts to display a gamut of colors. This system is called the RGB color model, after the first letters of its primary colors. RGB is an additive color model, meaning one starts with black, the absence of light, then red, green, and blue lights are superimposed to create the illusion of other colors. When 2 primary colors are mixed in equal amounts, they create a secondary color. Red light and green light combine to make yellow, green and blue make cyan, and blue and red create magenta. Blending all 3 colors at full intensity gives white.
CMYK
A subtractive color model is used in painting and color printing. When white light, containing all of the colors in the visible spectrum, hits a pigmented surface, some colors are absorbed (subtracted) and others are reflected; the reflected colors are the ones that you see. CMYK, the most common subtractive color scheme, uses cyan, magenta, yellow, and black as its primary colors. Combining cyan, magenta, and yellow in equal proportions should make shades of grey or black, but in practice, this creates muddy browns while blurring details and wasting ink. Hence, black is used in printing as a separate pigment. In the printing process, the color plates are aligned (keyed) to the black plate, so it is assigned the letter ‘K’ for ‘key’.
Considerations
- Just as cyan, magenta, and yellow are the secondary colors of the RBG model, red, green, and blue are the secondary colors of the CMYK model.
- These color models aren’t intrinsic properties of light. Rather, they exploit the limitations of human trichromatic vision. Since a combination of red and green light stimulates the color-sensing cones in the retina in much the same way that yellow light does, we perceive them as the same thing.
- Printers can’t reproduce the full range of colors that a monitor can display. In other words, part of the RGB color space is outside the CMYK color space. When working on a computer with materials that will be printed, it’s best to use a CMYK color palette.
Printernational.org on RGB v. CMYK