manacles v. fetters v. shackles v. handcuffs

Manacles consist of a pair of metal rings joined by a short chain. They are fastened around the wrists to restrain hand movement. Fetters are similar to manacles, but are fastened around the ankles to prevent running or kicking. Either manacles or fetters can also be called shackles. When a distinction is made between manacles and handcuffs, it is that handcuffs employ a lighter, more modern design with a built-in ratcheting lock. The two halves of some sets of handcuffs are connected with a hinge or bar instead of a chain, to further restrict movement.

Assorted manacles and handcuffs on display at a Royal Horticultural Society Flower Show (?)

jail v. prison

Jail is a place used by local jurisdictions for the short-term confinement of small numbers of people who are awaiting trial, being held on bail, or have been convicted of minor crimes and are serving brief sentences (typically less than a year).

A prison is a state or federal correctional facility that houses large numbers of convicted criminals serving long-term sentences. The degree of security in a prison is usually tighter than that in a jail. While jails provide minimal amenities, such as food and bathrooms, prisons will often include cafeterias, exercise areas, classrooms, and libraries.

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C v. TM v. SM v. R

Several symbols are used to provide notice of intellectual property.

©

The copyright symbol, ©, indicates that the creator of an original work has the exclusive rights to publish, reproduce, or sell it. Books, music, scripts, artwork, photographs, and other works of authorship can be given copyright protection. The copyright symbol is usually followed by the year of first publication and the name of the copyright owner.

™

A trademark’s purpose is to uniquely identify a business as the source of a product or service. Trademarks apply to distinguishing features like names, phrases, or logos, but can be more broadly defined to include colors, three dimensional shapes, and sounds. A trademark is symbolized by a superscrpt ™ immediately after the mark.

SM

Companies that offer services, rather than products, can place the service mark symbol, SM, on their advertising.

®

Once an original work is created, it is implicitly granted copyright protection. In much the same way, a distinctive name or logo is automatically trademarked; no registration with state or federal agencies is required to apply these symbols. A registered trademark, indicated by the ® symbol, can only be used after registration with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. This symbol replaces the less formal ™ and SM. Federal trademark registration requires the periodic payment of fees, but offers greater legal protection in priority disputes.

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